Gas Exchange

Gas exchange is the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the bloodstream and the lungs. This is the primary function of the respiratory system and is essential for ensuring a constant supply of oxygen to tissues. This article will discuss the principles of gas exchange, factors affecting the rate of exchange, and relevant clinical conditions.

Our second article in this section describes the physiology of ventilation-perfusion matching. Ensuring that the ventilation and perfusion of the lungs are adequately matched is vital for ensuring continuous delivery of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide from the body. In this article, we will discuss ventilation- perfusion matching, how mismatch may occur and how this may be corrected.

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Ribbon-style molecular model of haemoglobin, showing red and blue protein chains with four green haem groups.

Oxygen Transport in The Blood

Diagram of a blood vessel showing carbon dioxide transport: CO₂ entering a red blood cell and converting to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, with CO₂ also carried in red blood cells and dissolved in plasma.

Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood

Ventilation-Perfusion Matching

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Special Circulations

Skeletal Muscle Circulation

by Arjun Nehra

Adrenal Glands

The Zona Reticularis

by Kamashi Pandirajan

Diagram showing upper motor neuron pathways from the precentral gyrus through the midbrain and medulla, crossing at the pyramidal decussation and continuing in the spinal cord to a lower motor neuron and skeletal muscle.
Motor System

Upper Motor Neurones

by Peter Dudley